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Attachment
The formation by a child of significant and stable emotional connections
with the significant people in its life. This process begins in
early infancy as the child bonds with one or more primary caregivers.
A failure by a child to establish these types of important connections
before the age of about five years may result in the child having
trouble with a wide variety of social relationships for significant
periods in its life. Severe cases can fit within the definition
of a more permanent condition known as "reactive attachment
disorder."
Bonding
The process that a child goes through in developing lasting emotional
ties with its immediate caregivers, which is seen as the first and
most significant developmental task of a human being, and is central
to that person's ability to relate properly to others throughout
its life.
Reactive
Attachment Disorder
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) isused to describe a condition
that generally appears in children before age five, and is thought
to result from a lack of consistent care and nurturing in early
years. The disorder is characterized by the inability of a child
or infant to establish age-appropriate social contact and relationships
with others. Symptoms of the disorder may include a failure to thrive,
developmental delays, a refusal to make eye contact, feeding difficulties,
hyper-sensitivity to sound and/or touch, failure to initiate or
respond to social interactions with others, self-stimulation, indiscriminate
sociability and a an unusually high susceptibility to infections.
Anti-Social
Behavior
This
term generally refers to actions that deviate significantly from
established social norms. Behavior that fits within this definition
will vary to some degree, based on the social environment in which
the child lives. This kind of behavior commonly includes skipping
school, getting into fights, running away from home, persistently
lying, using illegal drugs or alcohol, stealing, vandalizing property,
engaging in aggressive or violent behavior towards other individuals,
and violating school rules, home rules or local criminal laws.
Oppositional
Defiant Disorder
A recurrent pattern of negativitistic, defiant, disobedient, and
hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least
six months. This disorder is characterized by frequent occurrence
of at least four of the following behaviors: frequent loss of temper,
tendency to argue with adults, refusal to obey adult rules or requests,
deliberate behaviors to annoy others, spiteful and vindictive behavior,
being touchy or easily annoyed by others, being angry and resentful,
use of obscene language, and a tendency to blame others for mistakes
or misbehaviors. Symptoms are less severe than those associated
with Conduct Disorder but sometimes indicate the early stages of
Conduct Disorder (CD) and may sometimes lead to the development
of Anti-social Personality Disorder during adulthood.
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Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder
A
condition in which victims of overwhelming and uncontrollable experiences
are subsequently psychologically affected by feelings of intense
fear, loss of safety, loss of control, helplessness, and extreme
vulnerability and in children the disorder involves disorganized
or agitated behavior.
Special
Needs Children
Children who have emotional or physical disorders, age, and race,
membership in a sibling group, a history of abuse, or other factors,
which contribute to a lengthy stay in foster care. Guidelines for
classifying a child as special needs vary by State. Common special
needs conditions and diagnoses include serious medical conditions;
emotional and behavioral disorders; history of abuse or neglect;
medical or genetic risk due to familial mental illness or parental
substance abuse.
Developmental
Disability
This term refers to a severe and chronic impairment, which can be
attributed to one or more mental or physical impairments, which
will require specific and lifelong or extended care that is individually
planned and coordinated, and which had an onset before age 22, and
which is likely to continue indefinitely. The condition or conditions
must create substantial functional limitations in three or more
of the following areas of major life activity:
1) self care
2) language skills
3) learning
4) personal mobility
5) self-direction
6) potential for independent living
7) potential for economic self-sufficiency as an adult.
Learning
Disabilities
(LD)
One or more impairments that a child may have in such areas as reading,
mathematics and/or written expression skills, which interfere with
the expected academic performance of the child in school, or in
other daily activities that require those skills. Performance on
standardized tests that is below that which would be expected for
the child's age, schooling and level of intelligence are customarily
used as preliminary diagnostic tools to identify areas where children
are experiencing difficulties. Children with learning disabilities
may be of average or above average intelligence, but experience
difficulty in learning, differentiating, and processing, storing
and/or otherwise maximizing their use of information. Some children
with LD will find it difficult to learn in a conventional classroom
environment, and may need to attend LD classes for a period in order
to help them achieve their potential in school.
Alcohol-related
Birth Defects
Physical or cognitive deficits, which can range form mild to severe,
that a child experiences as the result of alcohol consumption by
its mother during pregnancy. This term includes, but is not limited
to, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE).
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